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Volume 15 I May, 2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
The Power of Imageries in Community Information and Engagement:
Repositioning Audiovisual Resources
Ngozi Perpetua Osuchukwu & Angela Ebele Okpala - - - - - - - 1
Internet of Things (IOT): An Indispensable Tool for Smart Library
Services in Nigerian University
Kudirat Abiola Adegoke - - - - - - - - - - - 8
Predictors for the Adoption and Utilization of E-Resources by Undergraduate
Students in University of Ibadan
Mojisola Omowumi Odewole, Folasade L. Kolawole
&
Catherine Omolola Odu-Mojoyinola - - - - - - - - - 17
Perceived Usefulness of Electronic Health Records System by Medical
Doctors in Private University Teaching Hospitals in South-West, Nigeria
Blessing Damilola Abata-Ebire & SaheedAbiola Hamzat - - - - - -
31
A Survey of Library Resources for Story-Hour Programmes in
Public Libraries in Anambra State
Cynthia Nkiru Okey-Okafor & Prof. Anthonia Ukamaka Echedom - - - - - 45
Dusty Print Resources and Its Health Hazard on Library Staff
Maryam Muhammad Liman - - - - - - - - - - 54
Acquisition and Utilization of Government Publications in
Captain Elechi Amadi Polytechnic Library, Rumuola, Port Harcourt, Rivers State
Ebisemen Pat. Lulu-Pokubo & Comfort N, Owate - - - - - - - 64
Attitude of Librarians Towards the Use Of E-Resources for Collection Development in
University Libraries in South East Nigeria
Nkechi Roseline Obiozor Ekeze - - - - - - - - - - 75
Availability of Internet Facility and Utilization by Undergraduate Students of
Ignatius Ajuru University of Education, Rivers State, Nigeria
Mercy Ekenma Echem & Comfort N. Owate - - - - - - - - 81
Emerging Issues in Library and Information Science Education in the Covid-19 Era
Victor Wagwu, Kolawole Francis Ogunbodede,
Adaora C. Obuezie & Comfort N. Owate - - - - - - - - 89
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INTERNET OF THINGS (IOT): AN INDISPENSABLE
TOOL FOR SMART LIBRARY SERVICES
IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITY
Kudirat Abiola Adegoke (CLN)
Department of Library and Information Science,
Faculty of Education and Extension Services
Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto
Email: adegoke.kudirat@udusok.edu.ng,
kudrat.abiola@gmail.com
Abstract
With the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT), many libraries the world over now operate a hybrid
system of information delivery. Internet of Things has brought about pragmatic methods of managing
library resources and services through the use of more dynamic IoT technologies without human
interference. IoT technology being a product of the fourth industrial revolution (4IR) uses sensor to collect
and transfer data to an object via the Internet. This paper discussed the concept of IoT, its possible areas
of application in Nigerian university library services. It also highlighted the merits of using the IoT
technologies, problems that hinder speedy adoption of IoT in Nigerian libraries. The paper concluded by
recommending that librarians should learn the new technology from those who have effectively applied it
to their library operation and services. The paper also lay emphasis on the need for Nigerian libraries to
go into full automation as this will hasten the use of smart library service in Nigerian university libraries.
Keywords: Internet of Things, ICT, Cloud Computing, University Library, Smart Library Services,
Nigeria.
Introduction
The advancement in technology ranging from
high-speed Internet for making communication
much easier and seamless to the production of
higher capacity and intelligent computing devices
is affecting life significantly. It is not only making
such developments simplify human life but also
making modern technology become a part of
people's day to day activity. These days, robots are
made to acquire and share data among themselves
without human intervention thereby cutting down
the resources in terms of time, energy, salaries and
wages and many more. The application of such
technology affects various aspect of everyday life
including but not limited to transportation where
a car alerts its owner whenever there is high traffic
or danger ahead and recommends an alternative
route to follow. The most alarming type of
emerging technology is the Internet of Things.
Why the name Internet of Things? It is the ability
to use the Internet for data collection, processing
and disseminating information either from robot to
robot or robot to human. The robot-to-robot is also
known as "Machine-to-
et al. (2018a).
physical objects that contain embedded technology
to communicate and sense or interact with their
inte
is in line with the assertion of Xu et al; Olson et al;
Li et al; Wojick; Liu et al. as cited in Liang (2018).
self-configuring capabilities based on standard and
interoperable communication protocols where
physical attributes, and virtual personalities and
use intelligent interfaces, and are seamlessly
nutshell, the authors were of the opinion that IoT
intelligent interfaces to interact, sense, process and
disseminate information to recipients. Thus, IoT
works effectively on a touch-based automation
system built with a microcontroller that contain
wifi, and inbuilt touch sensing input pins with the
capability to sense objects and communicate the
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exact information to a compatible machine as
received.
In a similar view, IoT has been defined by Nag and
Nikam (2016) as
The use of intelligently connected devices
and systems to obtain data gathered by
some embedded sensors, actuators in
machines and other physical objects. IoT
uses connecting media such as wireless
sensor networks and physical objects to
connect devices and the Internet, with
minimal direct human intervention to
deliver services that meet the needs of a
wide range of academic library users.
These days, the application of IoT in various
organisations such as manufacturing, health,
commercial, logistics etc. has revolutionized the
way and speed at which data is collected, processed
and disseminated. In service-oriented
organisations, IoT is being applied to monitor
consumers' activities for effective transactions and
service delivery. It is likely to play a bigger role in
areas like information creation, processing,
analysis, automation, traffic monitoring and
security control. For example, it is possible to track
the movement of products and monitor the
interaction between these products through real-
time events and sensor-driven analytics.
IoT has been reported to have been used in the
health sector to monitor patient's health status
using sensors, it can create and send an alarm to the
hospital when the need arises and in the education
sector for lectures, training and seminars to be
conducted and attended by using interactive
displays which are embedded with multi-touch,
dry-erase and natural writing technology, plus
cloud-based lesson delivery software and
personalized for mostly educators and students.
Clearly the IoT has changed our traditional way of
doing things into a more automated manner for
smart library service delivery to our end users
using smart technologies. Auto insurance
companies can introduce vehicle telematics in
some smart cars to enable them to assess the
drivers' behaviour and accordingly fix the rate of
premium based on the risk factors. The same type
of implication can be seen in other types of
insurance policies, not depending completely on
historical information, thus giving a chance for
better risk management. IoT will ultimately enable
the industry to minimize loss and introduce safety
techniques in each and every type of insurance they
sell to the public.
Over the years, apart from the afore-mentioned
possible areas of implementation, IoT can be
applied to various aspects of library in-house
operations such as the generation of statistics on
the usage of library resources and services,
mapping out the most used sections or resources in
the library, determining the satisfaction level of
users. The Internet of things can also be used in a
smart library in which all the resources, facilities
and services are interconnected with one another
using IoT technologies for effective service
delivery. Thus, for IoT to be adopted in the library,
it must be able to merge the physical library
resources and facilities with the digital services to
produce the sustainable smart library we want.
Smart library service delivery means attractive
library service delivery to users' communities.
What makes library service attractive? The
smartness of any library lies in the ability of the
library to interconnect books, related data, digital,
space and resources through the Internet for easy
and remote access.
The Concepts of IoT and Technologies
The IoT
The concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) was
coined to mean the "Internet" of "Everything"
where things could mean a human being walking
with a sensor to either monitor the heart
performance or general health status of such
person, or a motor vehicle using a sophisticated
sensor to monitor everything around the vehicle or
happenings on the road for effective decision
making or it may even be a home placed on
surveillance to monitor movements within or
around the building or prevent any danger from
striking the owners or home itself through the use
of smart technologies. The IoT development has
over the years gone through several evolutionary
stages the earlier stage which is the first stage
used the world wide web (WWW), which is a
network of linked HTML for sharing information;
the second stage was an advanced version of the
WWW which is known as Web 2.0, characterized
by the relevant technologies such as social
networking site such as LinkedIn, Facebook,
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Twitter, blogs, Instagram and delicious, and the
third stage which consists of Web 3.0 also known
as Semantic Web, which makes the direct
communication between machine to machine easy
via the Internet. This third stage was responsible
for the machine and search engine's intelligence
performance which made humans think that
machines are intelligent. This stage according to
Witmore et al. (2015) has nurtured the IoT which
stands as the next evolution of the Internet (Evans,
2011). The trend is moving towards the 5G
technologies which is expected to match the needs
of the future IoT application (Li, Xu, & Zhao,
2018).
Technology Evolution
Source: Gul et al. (2019)
Technologies
Thus, no single object can function as a complete
system without the support of other components
whether in-built or adjunct, so the case of IoT is;
for IoT to function as a smart system of service
delivery, it needs a set of technology to connect to
objects. First and foremost, IoT must have a device
for identification which will generate a unique
identification code for each object. Then, another
device needs to sense the object and measure
various aspects of such object. IoT needs another
facility to control communication through the
Internet or other similar objects. More importantly,
there must be a central server where data from all
these objects will be collected and analysed by the
user of the system.
Amongst such technologies used by IoT to
function as a complete system are RFID (Radio
Frequency Identification Device), energy
harvesting technologies, wireless communication
devices (such as Beacons), sensors, cloud
computing and advanced Internet protocol (IPv6)
(Kudirat & Babalola, 2022). What does RFID do
for IoT? It helps to identify and track all data of
things, which can sensor, collect and process data
to detect the changes in the physical status of an
object, energy harvesting technologies help in low
energy consumption of associated technologies
such as Bluetooth, and the data collected is stored
on the cloud for further processing and wireless
communication will facilitate communication and
interaction between objects to take further course
of action.
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Three-layer architecture of an IoT scenario
Source: Bayani et al. (2018b)
The authors described the three-layer architecture
as follows;
a. The perception layer which is the physical layer
includes the sensors (RFID, WSN etc.), the event
parameters or the identity existence of the object.
b. The network layer provides Internet
connectivity between the objects, network
devices, wireless or cable connections, cloud
system, database, server system that transmits,
and processing of the locally obtained data. It also
includes the gateway component to receive the
data sensed from the perception layer.
c. The application layer is in charge of providing
applications and services to human or non-human
users (i.e. Machine to machine case). It can
specify various processes, programs, and
applications in which the IoT can be positioned as
a smart library management system.
IoT in Libraries
According to Qin (2018), IoT can be applied to
digital library services and activities. Its
application in the library cut across the provision
of access to analogue and online collections,
consultation, training, information sharing,
provision of reference services, and provision of
access to space and equipment while its
application to activities was viewed in terms of
marketing and promotion of library resources;
storage; analysis; and selection of record; the
gathering of information and processing of
information. Bansal et al. (2018) viewed Internet
of Things (IoT) in libraries as a mind-boggling
association which has inserted constituents
connected together and an enormous number of
collaborations be it with one man to another or
man to machine, machine to man, and with IoT
object with object compatibility brings about
extraordinary chance. Bayani and Vilchez (2017)
listed other services that can be offered by the IoT
in digital libraries to include inventory control;
theft detection; self-service; book tracking;
intelligent alert system; e-copy; smart gate and
customer-relationship management (CRM).
Similarly, Gupta and Singh (2018) viewed the IoT
from the earlier stage of the Internet when the
Internet was used in traditional way mainly for
browsing and searching for information. It is now
utilized in a new dimension - "second life which
is called Internet Plus. The word "Internet Plus"
was first used by Chinese Prime Minister Li
Keqiang in the Government Work Report in
March 2015 which has attracted high attention
from all walks of life. It is a new concept in which
various facets like Mobile Internet, Cloud
Computing, Big Data or the Internet of Things are
included. "Internet Plus" strategy means
integrating the Internet with other industries
including traditional industries through Internet
platforms and information and communication
technologies. It aims at creating a new ecology in
new areas". It is believed that IoT is not different
from the way cloud computing and big data are
used.
Wojcik (2016) developed a theoretical model of
IoT application in library service and explored the
the application of IoT in the commercial sector,
and proposed that librarians, particularly in
academic libraries, can improve library services in
innovative ways. IoT can provide more tools and
opportunities in sharing information, tracking and
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tracing service, and pushing notification service.
Massis (2016) explored IoT and its potential
impact on the library from the security and
privacy points of view and proposed the Security
of Things, from security management approaches.
Libraries can benefit from IoT in saving staff time,
improving patron service, tailored service and
recommendation service by collecting real-time
data. Pujar and Satyanarayana (2015) posits that
IoT as the Internet of things, enables any natural
or man-made objects to communicate with each
other and transfer data using assigned IP addresses
with or without human interventions.
Application of IoT in academic libraries
IoT is an emerging aspect of ICT though still on a
trial stage. Libraries still value its potential of
value addition towards their service delivery and
its ability to enhance library users' experience.
Librarians are already familiar with some of its
technologies in libraries based on the use of RFID,
which does a similar thing of interacting with
machines, tags and updates the library
management system with entries of books issued
to users. However in the case of IoT, the
difference is on
with a thing or object such as book and journals
with little human intervention. Libraries have
books, journals, CDs/DVDs, theses and many
more physical objects and IoT can be a blessing in
disguise to overcome some of the usual problem
of misplacement of objects and their usage (Nag
& Nikam, 2016b).
A critical study and application of IoT prove that
remote access, low software costs, ease of
implementation, in-house support and reduced
operating costs, flexibility and adaptability,
transparency, global visibility of the library
resources and services, ease of use of resources,
optimal users' satisfaction, and instantaneous
delivery of service and effective utilisation of
library resources have been made possible. These
and some other benefits of IoT made Bansal et al.
(2018b); Bayani and Vilchez (2017) see the
technology as an indispensable tool for effective
library service delivery. This was corroborated by
the proposals of Wang (2011); Yan (2010) that the
smart library should be a new model of future
library aiming at achieving interconnection,
efficiency and convenience through the IoT, cloud
computing, and smart devices. Some of the
potential areas for implementation of IoT in
libraries include but are not limited to the
following:
Provision of access to library resources and
services
Space and time are becoming worthless in the era
of IoT simply because the era is characterised by
the Internet of everything where information
acquired in the library is made available to users
instantly irrespective of the location or state of
residence of the patrons. Libraries using a mobile
app can create an interface for users to access all
the available electronic resources using the
Internet, smartphone or touchpad and other
relevant technologies such as beacon for easy
access.
Provision of smart library security systems
Thesedays, security of life and properties has
become individual responsibility; everyone is
trying to provide adequate security for himself,
business, offices and valuables are secured from
unauthorized individuals or groups. This is not
different from the way libraries see the security of
their personnel, facilities, users and resources,
with the advent of IoT, libraries can now secure
their facilities and resources with the emerging
technologies using the Internet technologies to
link their facilities with their handheld devices for
easy monitoring and control. Examples of the IoT
technologies and their related services provided
by the libraries include:
Installation of surveillance camera
Academic libraries can install surveillance
cameras using Raspberry pi and a camera to
monitor doors, users reading areas, offices and
facilities from a smartphone with just a click.
Librarians may decide to install surveillance
cameras in sensitive areas of the library to
remotely monitor everything that happens in those
areas through the Internet. For instance, in case of
a natural disaster, librarians can alert the security
department and request them to expedite action to
stop the unforeseen event by opening the library
doors from his /her handheld devices irrespective
of the location he was at the time of the sad event;
with just a touch he/she can use remote control
keys to operate their access doors, cars, and
systems to prevent unauthorized access to any of
their facilities.
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Development of facial recognition door
With the new technology, a smart door secures the
gateway and ensures that only authorized persons
were permitted to enter sensitive areas within the
library and its environment. This is an intelligent
system made possible by Microsoft API through
IoT. For libraries to achieve this, librarians must
engage in regular data gathering, training and
facial recognition must be taken seriously.
Librarians must know Python to code for data
gathering; a Raspberry pi camera must be installed
for facial detection and recognition training. This,
if put in place, it will no doubt strenghten the
security of staff offices and other restricted areas
of the library popularly tagged as "out of bounds"
to all non-library staff.
Development of smart car theft detection
Libraries can build remote control car theft
detection that can monitor movement around the
car and alert the owner of the car about the
unauthorized attempt on the car through their
phone. The systems remotely monitor the thief or
unauthorized individual around the cars packed
within the library premises or parking spaces
located outside the library, provided they are
connected to the library security control system.
The antitheft sensor sends data to the
microcontroller, and the microcontroller then
makes it a valid signal and moves the camera to
take the picture of the intruder, librarians can then
see the picture on their phones provided they have
installed the App on their phones. The owner can
use the remote control to turn or move the car
around to prevent theft. This can be made possible
through Piezo sensor for movement detection, IoT
gecko platform (web-based user interface) and
Raspberry Pi microcontroller device.
Design of fire detection alert system
As part of emergency preparedness for the library,
IoT based air pollution monitoring system can be
designed and used in the library to monitor the
different particles present in the air like Sulphur
dioxide, carbon dioxide pollen, led and mould
spores that may be responsible for air pollution
which may later result to fire outbreak or causes
diseases in the library environment. The system is
capable of detecting flammable gas leaks or
smoking through a particle matter detector, and
gas/humidity/temperature sensor. Any tick smoke
detected around the library will trigger the alarm
for a quick emergency response.
Development of IoT-based smart mirror
Libraries as a matter of necessity and recycling
can convert all their old LCD or lead monitor
television into smart mirrors that can see faces or
display real-time, monitor weather and keep notes
or tracks of all happenings in the library.
Development of server temperature
monitoring system
It is worth knowing that server systems generate a
lot of heat when working and by its nature, the
system is expected to work round the clock with
or without human intervention. There is need to
monitor the temperature of the server room to
prevent fire outbreak.
Design and implementation of mobile online
retrieval system
Libraries using mobile app may provide a virtual
library card to their users, which will enable them
to gain access to the library facility and use its
resources. When a user accesses the library
catalogue to locate the required resource(s), the
library app stored on his or her mobile phone, will
provide a map of the library guiding the user to the
location of a resource(s). It can also provide
additional information about a resource by
connecting to a site such as Amazon,
Oakleafbooks and other bookseller websites so
that the user has detailed information about the
book.
Design of books reservation platform
One of the beauties of the IoT is that a library user
can search for a book of his/her choice from the
library OPAC through the Internet using his/her
smartphone and reserve the book. Then, at that
point, the ideal book, accessible in the rack of the
library, which is empowered with sensors through
the organisation can show a signal or may begin
blazing light. This way the actual book will
distinguish its area for identification; there will be
no need to search through the books on the library
shelves searching for the books again. With this
alert, the librarian on duty recognizes the book and
hands it over to the library officer who will
process the book for reservation. With online
reservation using the Internet of Things, time and
effort is saved from both the user and the library.
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Design of IoT-based circulation management
system
Library collection with RFID tags on each of the
library collection enables their virtual
representation, which can be identified using
computers and RFID tag readers. Through the
integration of RFID tags into member cards,
circulation of library material and fine collection
can be streamlined. The IoT can tell users about
overdue books and how much fine they owe the
library, to enable them to return the overdue book
and pay the fine online without coming to queue
at the library circulation desk for payment.
Provision of inventory control system
Libraries have various other information
resources apart from books, journals and
magazines. They include microfiche, video, and
audio which can also be controlled by fixing
sensors on them. With IoT, since the web is
included; it gives all the necessary information on
the portability of the curator/supervisor and
subsequently, better stock control is conceivable.
This helps the library to spend less time and effort
on stock confirmation. IoT will also help in better
inventory management (stock verification) as it
will be easy to locate misplaced books.
Introduction of smart digital shelve system
Smart digital shelves may be able to promote the
contents based on users' borrowing records and
search history. They can also track the movement
of the available resources within and outside the
library. IoT through its application, allows its
users not just to have a virtual visit to the library
through their cell phones, but also to keep and
track the accessibility of books notwithstanding
their geographical location.
Information literacy or orientation is offered to
fresh users of the library to educate them about the
library, its resources and services. IoT may help
libraries by providing a self-guided virtual tour of
the library. Libraries have set up beacons like
wireless devices at various sections of the library;
when users visit a particular section, their mobile
phone will play a video or audio explaining more
about that section and how one can get the
maximum benefit out of it. It may even provide an
enriched experience of special collections such as
manuscripts by providing the digital format of it
on their mobile phones as physical access to such
resources is always restricted.
Provision of selective dissemination of
information services
IoT can use patron's data to suggest selected
recommendations, using real-time data, based on
the history of their borrowings and activities.
When a researcher is searching a database for
resources on topic/s of his or her interest, it may
suggest other resources, which would be of
interest to such users. Even when a user visits the
library next time or is close to the library, IoT
would be able to inform the user about new
arrivals in his or her area of interest or about the
availability of a book on loan, which he or she was
looking for during his/her earlier visit.
Provision of current awareness services
IoT can provide library users with location-based
services. When users create their favourite list on
the library catalogue using their account from
home or office and walk into the library with IoT-
enabled mobile devices, they will be able to get
directions for stacks, where favourite books have
been shelved. It will also help them to know
interesting titles available in their subject area and
the status of checked out books. It may also enable
libraries to provide the status of availability of
reading rooms, discussion rooms, printers,
scanners and computers by displaying the peak
and non-peak hours of their usage on the library
website or users can check it using their library
mobile app (Pujar & Satyanarayana, 2016).
Merits of using IoT applications in academic
libraries
Cost-saving:
Librarians provide general access for their
numerous users through only one subscription
platform instead of purchasing many copies of the
physical materials for all users. Staff and students
do not need to carry heavy books around or buy
books and journals for their personal use as the
library resources are accessible on their smart
devices.
Timeliness
Distance and time have no adverse effect on
library service delivery due to smart technologies
and services introduced in libraries in some
developed countries. Librarians can now monitor
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and operate remotely without being physically
present in the library; users access and use library
resources anywhere they are and visitors see
library holdings for effective decision making.
Effective service delivery and global visibility
of libraries
With the adoption of IoTs, libraries can now
deliver services according to world best practices.
Having smart libraries can be possible if libraries
automate and interconnect all their physical and
digital resources on one platform and provide
Internet access to sustain the visibility of those
resources.
Conclusion
There is no doubt, that technological advancement
has brought about a pragmatic approach to how
libraries and information centres generate,
process, store and disseminate information. IoT
has numerous features that can be used to enhance
library service delivery if properly hsrnessed. It
may bring effectiveness and efficiency as a value
addition to library and information resources and
services. The librarians should learn this new
technology from those that have effectively
applied it to their operations and services to know
its pros and cons. Despite the enormous benefits
of IoT, the full adoption of the IoT may be a little
different in the case of Nigerian libraries since
many of these libraries are not fully automated
and those automated are still battling with
sustainability and maintenance issues. For this to
take full shape, all arms of government in Nigeria
must support the efforts of the libraries to
collectively navigate the digital terrain towards
having the desired Smart libraries in the country.
Recommendations
IoT in libraries may turn library buildings into
smart buildings but they need to plan ahead by
putting into consideration some important issues
such as policy, finance, technical know-how,
maintenance and above all users' interests. The
paper recommends the following:
Libraries must use information seclusion
methods to secure users' data and privacy.
Libraries should make adequate planning
and budgeting before deploying IoT
technologies for proper management and
sustainability.
Libraries should give the necessary
attention to staff capacity building for
effective service delivery and maximum
productivity.
Librarians must update their skills in terms
of software and system development;
maintenance and configuration.
Library security personnel must be
retrained to make them more productive in
the smart environment.
Library users must be trained on how to
effectively utilise library resources from
different locations.
To have smart libraries that we dreamt of,
librarians must think outside the box,
develop good maintenance culture, up-
skill the human resource, and up-scale and
re-tool their respective libraries.
The library should endeavour to install
energy designed with an efficient
algorithm for the IoT system to function
for long hours.
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